What happened: When “Everydays: the First 5000 Days” from digital artist Mike Winkelmann, also known as Beeple, went up for auction at Christie’s, some people were already paying attention. But when the winning price was announced on March 11 — an eye-popping $69.3 million — it sent a shock through the traditional art world. While NFTs (basically, digital certificates of authenticity) had already been gaining traction, this helped catapult the concept to fame and encouraged artists, creatives and celebrities of all types to look into creating them

What’s next: NFTs look like they have staying power, though there are a lot of questions about insider advantages, relative value, odd trading activity and more. Some industry experts say they have potential far beyond what we’ve seen so far. One industry veteran, William Quigley, says NFTs will be everywhere in 10 years, and will be the revenue model for the metaverse, a virtual environment where people can interact with the internet and other functionalities, supplanting web browsers and mobile apps. The $69.3 million “Everydays” buyer Vignesh Sundaresan, meanwhile, said he’d be happy if everybody downloaded a copy of the “Everydays.”

What happened: The crypto token Dogecoin was created in 2013 as a joke — hey, it’s a Shiba Inu dog on a coin! — and continued to stick around, largely on the fringes of the market. That is, until this year. Helped in no small part by tweets from Elon Musk, Dogecoin soared some 5,000% in the past 12 months, with a lot of swings in between. It wasn’t alone: Memecoins became all the rage in 2021, with Dogecoin leading the way and tokens like Shiba Inu, which briefly topped Dogecoin in market value, coming on strong as well. 

What’s next: Memecoins — most of which trade at fractions of a penny — have been a source of fascination and debate. They’ve also made an easy mark for those who are skeptical of crypto. And rightly so, as many have been the vehicle for “pump and dump” scams and other schemes. Search for “Floki,” Elon Musk’s dog’s name, on CoinGecko and six options come up. Some memecoins haven’t turned out so well for people who bought in. Witness the Squid Game token, which wasn’t affiliated with the popular series, restricted withdrawals and eventually plunged from thousands of dollars a token to virtually zero very suddenly. At the same time, some of them — notably Dogecoin and Shiba Inu — have had more formal development, and have actually become payment methods for some things (AMC movie tickets and Houston Rockets merchandise, for instance). The enthusiasm for memecoins shows no signs of dimming for now, but with enforcement scant in this corner of the market and risks aplenty, buyer beware.

What happened: Crypto exchange Coinbase Global Inc.’s direct listing on the Nasdaq stock exchange April 14 was a milestone for the market in terms of greater legitimacy and acceptance, and it also coincided with what was then a peak in Bitcoin’s price. At one point, Coinbase’s valuation soared to $112 billion, though it subsequently fell back in volatile trading.

What’s next: The year ahead promises to be a big one for exchanges. Coinbase has struggled to work with U.S. regulators, occasionally lashing out about what it sees as unfair treatment. Binance, the biggest, appears to be working toward a totally new geographic and regulatory setup. FTX and others are pursuing visible expansion strategies. Will they be able to cope with increasingly interested regulators? 

What happened: Such was the excitement in the crypto community about Musk’s May 9 appearance on “Saturday Night Live” that fans of the billionaire organized watch parties and sent Dogecoin to a record 73 cents. Only one problem: Expectations were, shall we say, a bit high. While Musk touted the token, he also called it “a hustle,” sending it quickly lower. 

What’s next:  Musk has proven able to move the prices of cryptocurrencies — maybe not every single time he tweets, but often. The fact that he can do so doesn’t necessarily argue that crypto is a robust asset class. Will he suck up as much of the oxygen in crypto next year as he has in 2021? 

What happened: Down more than 30%, then up more than 30% — that was Bitcoin on the spectacularly wild ride of May 19. The gyrations were fueled in part by Musk stunning the crypto community some days earlier when he said Tesla wouldn’t accept Bitcoin as a payment method out of concern over its energy usage, as well as concerns about a crackdown in China after the central bank issued a warning about virtual-currency risks on its website. Other cryptocurrencies had similar fates as billions of dollars of crypto longs were liquidated quickly, while exchanges from Coinbase to Binance experienced outages. It took Bitcoin about two months to recover.

What’s next: The more crypto works, and the better the systems around it work, the more people might feel comfortable getting in. Can the crypto world cut back on glitches in 2022? Meanwhile, environmental concerns will likely continue to be front and center. And it will be interesting to see whether China continues its crackdown as the country rolls out its digital yuan. The country has proven to be quite serious about it so far, with multiple edicts from different agencies including late-September declarations that crypto transactions are illegal and mining will be rooted out, making it hard to see how any crypto-related private enterprises can flourish there.

What happened: El Salvador’s young and controversial President Nayib Bukele told an audience at the Bitcoin 2021 conference in Miami in early June that he planned to make the largest cryptocurrency legal tender in his country. Just a few days later, El Salvador’s congress approved a resolution with a supermajority to make it so. Three months later, the plan took effect. Now, Bukele is even floating the possibility of selling tokenized “volcano bonds” tied to Bitcoin. 

What’s next: The ramifications of El Salvador’s decision are still playing out, with the International Monetary Fund and others concerned about the effect Bitcoin's volatility could have on things  such as consumer protection and financial stability. One person who doesn’t appear concerned is Bukele, who’s been posting on Twitter about buying the dip when the price drops. El Salvador’s move has accelerated a conversation about crypto as legal tender for other countries. The crypto faithful have been touting this possibility, and the idea even played into a hack of India Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Twitter account. But it’s still a new and potentially fraught path. On the other hand, many governments are looking into, and a few even started, central bank digital currencies, or CBDCs.

What happened: Ethereum’s London upgrade in early August is part of a series of changes to the popular blockchain platform that will significantly change its structure — for instance, changing the type of system that creates and validates a blockchain’s sequential record by moving from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake. The goal is to speed up the network and make it less energy-intensive and less expensive to use. The London upgrade also reduced the supply of the Ether token. Bitcoin’s Taproot upgrade in mid-November also offered changes. Together, they’re showing that even the biggest cryptocurrencies are trying to improve and occasionally change their approach.

What’s next: Ethereum’s upgrades aren’t over yet. It remains to be seen exactly what the long-term effects are, and whether they’ll keep the older, more-established cryptos ahead of the younger and hungry newcomers like Solana or Avalanche, which claim to offer some manner of better, faster or cheaper experiences.

What happened: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in October approved the ProShares Bitcoin Strategy exchange-traded fund — which tracks futures of the digital coin — in a debut that was meant with an initial surge in demand. The enthusiasm from the event helped push Bitcoin to a record $69,000, with the idea it was making the cryptocurrency more accessible to retail investors and institutions. 

What’s next: The mechanisms for investment in digital assets are likely to continue to mature next year, with products like CME Group Inc.’s futures offerings and even robo-adviser crypto choices gaining adherents. Still, while some players had hoped for approval of a spot ETF in the U.S. soon, comments from regulators make that seem unlikely anytime soon.

What happened: Numerous concepts that had been circulating in more crypto-forward circles made their way into popular culture. Facebook said in late October that it was changing its name to Meta Platforms Inc., showing how much the idea of the metaverse has penetrated the thinking of companies and consumers. DeFi, in which there's no intermediary and counterparties interact directly through smart contracts, topped $100 billion in market value in October; and Web3, a vaguely defined next-generation internet where services are supposed to be owned and operated by communities of users, is constantly mentioned by tech companies.

What's next: All of these areas are likely to evolve significantly next year. One question: Will they be dominated by giant companies the way the current tech and banking landscapes are? Will decentralization rule the day?

What happened: Crypto saw increased regulatory scrutiny this year in the U.S. and elsewhere as prices rose and the asset class became more systemically important — to say nothing of China's multimonth crackdown. It's gotten to the point where governments find themselves less able to ignore digital assets, given their explosion in growth and roles in illicit activity such as ransom payments, as well as the scams and rug pulls that lurk as risks for those entering the space. 

What’s next: Regulation is going to be a huge theme for crypto in 2022 globally, as places like the U.S., India, Thailand, Australia and Brazil ponder how to approach public policy in such a fast-growing, fast-changing area. Governments around the world are looking at crypto phenomena from stablecoins to decentralized finance. They’re worried about retail investors losing money they can't afford, whether it's through volatility, snafus or so-called rug pulls, as well as issues like how to tax the asset class.