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The Long Arc of AttributionThe Long Arc of Attribution

How constructive ownership rules for CFCs impact planning and tips for practitioners to limit their reach.

Carl A Merino, Counsel

October 21, 2024

34 Min Read
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Congress introduced the controlled foreign corporation (CFC) rules in 1962 to prevent U.S. taxpayers from deferring federal income taxes on income earned in closely held foreign companies, namely by forcing U.S. shareholders with requisite levels of ownership to recognize certain types of income earned by CFCs without regard to whether such earnings were actually distributed. Like many other anti-deferral regimes, the CFC regime includes ownership attribution rules pursuant to which stock owned by an individual or entity may be attributed to a related individual or entity to determine application of the CFC rules. Although the CFC rules were subject to several changes over the years, the basic contours of the regime remained largely inta...

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About the Author

Carl A Merino

Counsel, Day Pitney LLP

Carl Merino is of counsel in the New York office of Day Pitney LLP. He represents high net worth individuals and families, multinational companies and exempt organizations on a wide range of personal and business tax matters, including cross-border tax planning, compensation arrangements, corporate and partnership tax issues, charitable giving and income taxation of trusts and estates.

Carl works extensively in the international tax arena. He advises non-U.S. clients on structuring inbound investments to minimize income and estate tax exposure and U.S. clients on tax aspects of foreign investments, including anti-deferral rules, entity classification issues and reporting requirements for foreign entities and trusts. His work in this area also encompasses pre-immigration tax planning, employment tax issues for expatriates working abroad and foreign workers in the U.S. and corporate structuring for foreign companies setting up U.S. operations.

Carl regularly advises clients on the use of domestic and foreign grantor trusts, S corporations and other flow-through structures. He collaborates with trusts and estates colleagues on estate planning transactions and other wealth migration issues and advises exempt organizations on nonprofit and employment-related tax matters.

Carl frequently publishes articles on cross-border tax planning, charitable giving and other tax issues.